Loanwords

Loanword claims involving Ainu, borrowed in either direction and including uncertain ones, with the other language and form, semantic domain, attestation, and corpus frequency.

Loanwords: 381
Into Ainu: 363
Direction open: 18
Contested: 47
No source recorded: 88

By the other language

Japanese 356
Russian 5
Tungusic 5
Koreanic 4
Mongolian 4
Nivkh 3
Language unrecorded 1
Itelmen 1
Malay 1
Sinitic 1

Japanese accounts for 94% of the bank; the rest are counted, not charted.

By semantic domain

Tools 93
Plants 26
Animals 23
Rank and office 22
Food and drink 21
Clothing 17
Abstract 11
Places 9

Adaptation patterns Donor sounds and what they become, with the words that show each outcome →

The words

Japanese 356

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
-ko ⇠?			ja こ	子		白鳥2026 takes the frozen diminutive -ko of arikko, hunasko and *ni-as-ko as an early borrowing of 上代語 -ko₁ 「子」 (slide 49).		白鳥2026
-na ⇄?	direction, way	sfx	ja			A theory of a cognate or borrowing relationship between the old case particle -na (preserved in setunna, kotunna) and Japonic -na.		まくぽり2024	11078
-ŋaci ⇠		n	ja ～がつ	月	Units			まくぽり2024
ampari ⇠	網針	n	ja あみばり	編み針・網針	Tools			まくぽり2024
ancami ⇠	アザミ	n	ja あざみ	薊	Plants			まくぽり2024
ancikattaro ⇠ hybrid	to take charge of ..., to look after ...	vt	ja あづかる＋た＋-ro	預かる
ankura ⇠	畔	n	ja あぐろ	畔	Places			まくぽり2024
anpay ⇠	condition, state (ambai)	n	ja あんばい	塩梅	Abstract			田村1996
anpuranki ⇠	deep-fried tofu (aburaage)	n	ja あぶらげ	油揚げ	Food and drink			田村1996
antuki ⇠	adzuki bean	n	ja あずき	小豆	Plants			田村1996	2
apeto ⇠ calque		n	ja かようび	火曜日	Time	ape 'fire' + to 'day', a weekday name coined after 火曜日.		太田2022
asingaru ⇠	foot soldier (low-ranking samurai)	n	ja あしがる	足軽	Rank and office			田村1996
asinkaro ⇠	a.low-level.samurai	n	ja あしがる	足軽	Rank and office			田村1996	33
atarimae ⇠	share	n	ja あたりまえ	当り前	Trade	In Early Modern Japanese it meant 'one person's share.'			12
atopa ⇠?		n	ja あと	尊者		中田薫（1907）
awanki ⇠	扇	n	ja あふぎ	扇				まくぽり2024
ayamattaro ⇠ hybrid	to apologize	vi	ja あやまる＋た＋-ro	謝る					2
cape ⇠	cat	n	ja ちゃぺ	猫	Animals			まくぽり2024	225
cíci ⇠	each		ja づつ					まくぽり2024
ciciri ⇠		n	ja つづれ	綴れ	Clothing	Possibly preserves a voiced sound.
cikena ⇠?	漬物	n	ja つけな	漬け菜	Food and drink	The tsuke- ~ cike- correspondence is the same as in cikenki ← 付け木 (田村1996), and -na is 菜; 漬菜 is 「漬物用の菜。…また、漬物にした菜」 in 精選版日本国語大辞典. No dictionary records a source form for the Ainu word.
cikenki ⇠	match (for lighting fire)	n	ja つけぎ	付け木	Tools			田村1996	4
ciki ⇠?	if	parti	ja じき	時機		A theory of borrowing from Japanese 「時機」.	ki		1221
cinpaori ⇠	a sleeveless surcoat (worn by men over their clothes at festivals)	n	ja じんばおり	陣羽織	Clothing			田村1996
cir ⇄?	drip	vi	ja ちる	散る		The connection of the drip/scatter root with Japanese 散る is すきえんてぃあ's hypothesis, posted on X in 2026; the root's unity across cirir, noncir, hacir and ciray is part of the same proposal. Direction untested.	cir-vi	すきえんてぃあ2026
cirunpe ⇠	a well bucket	n	ja つるべ	釣瓶	Tools			田村1996
ciruy ⇠	to be mischievous; to be disobedient	vi	ja ずるい	狡い				田村1996	2
ciye ⇄?		n	ja yo₂ti	陰茎		A theory of a borrowing relationship with Old Eastern Japanese yo₂ti; anciently held to mean 'man'.
comen ⇠		n	ja じょうめ	上馬	Animals			まくぽり2024
conko ⇠	funnel	n	ja じょうご	漏斗	Tools			まくぽり2024	2
conpa ⇠	a measuring box (masu)	n	ja ちょうば(帳場)		Units			田村1996	6
cositaro ⇠ hybrid			ja ちょす＋た+-ro			to touch; to fiddle with
cunpo ⇠	a carpenter's ink pot	n	ja つぼ(壷)		Tools			田村1996
cuwan ⇠	lunch	n	ja ちゅうはん(昼飯)であろう｡		Food and drink			田村1996	13
eappene ⇠	to be hard to do (sth)	vt	ja あっぺ「不適切」			difficult to ~			1
ehomaci ⇠	to put (sth) aside secretly for oneself; to make part of (sth) secretly one's own	vt	ja ほまち	〜をへそくりする				まくぽり2024
Endo ⇠		propn	ja えど	江戸				まくぽり2024
enpaku ⇠	oats	n	ja えんばく	燕麦	Plants			田村1996
enpiwa ⇠	指輪	n	ja えびわ	指輪	Clothing	Tōhoku dialect		まくぽり2024
esimpay ⇠	〜を心配する		ja e-＋しんぱい	心配
ewkoyakamasi ⇠ hybrid	to make a fuss over (sth)	vt	ja e-＋u-＋ko-＋やかましい	喧しい
fonto ⇠		n	ja フォント			en. font		まくぽり2024
hacigaci ⇠	August	n	ja はちがつ(八月)		Time			田村1996
haki ⇠		n	ja はふき	箒	Plants	（\|箒草《はふきぐさ》・\|箒木《ははきぎ》 — hafukigusa and hahakigi, old/dialectal names for the kochia plant used to make brooms.		まくぽり2024
hanasi ⇠	a talk; a tale; a story	n	ja はなし	話	Abstract			まくぽり2024
hanca ⇠	a short coat (hanten)	n	ja はんちゃ	羽織	Clothing	\|半纏《はんてん》 — hanten, a short Japanese work jacket.		田村1996	1
hani ⇠	do xxx if you don't mind	n	ja ハンノキ	榛の木	Plants			まくぽり2024
hankane ⇠	steel	n	ja はがね	鋼	Materials			田村1996
hantásine ⇠ hybrid	to go barefoot; to be barefoot	vi	ja はだし＋ne	裸足
hasami ⇠	scissors	n	ja はさみ	鋏	Tools			まくぽり2024	2
hasika ⇠		n	ja はしか	麻疹	Body
hatto ⇠	してはいけないこと	n	ja はっと	法度	Abstract	an official ban, prohibition		まくぽり2024
hayastay ⇠ hybrid	a grove of not very large trees	n	ja はやし＋tay	林
hayna ⇠	longline (fishing) (hooks attached to a line and kept in a basket)	n	ja はえなわ	延縄	Tools			田村1996
Hitaka ⇠	the Hidaka region	n	ja ひたか	日高				まくぽり2024
homehome ⇠			ja ほめる×2	褒める
hoso ⇠		n	ja ほうそう	放送				まくぽり2024
hoyco ⇠	a deba kitchen knife (for cutting fish)	n	ja ほいちょう	包丁	Tools			田村1996	8
hoyto ⇠	beggar	n	ja ほいと	陪堂	Rank and office	beggar		田村1996	1
hukasikar ⇠ hybrid	to make steamed rice with red beans		ja ふかす＋kar	吹かす
húku ⇠	Western-style clothes	n	ja ふく	服	Clothing			田村1996
Hukumici ⇠	Fukumitsu (place name)	n	ja ふくみち	福道				まくぽり2024
hukuro ⇠		n	ja ふくろ	袋	Tools			まくぽり2024
hunta ⇠	destiny	n	ja ふだ(札)		Tools			田村1996	21
hunte ⇠	a writing brush	n	ja ふで	筆	Tools			田村1996
huruske ⇠	a wrapping cloth (furoshiki)	n	ja ふろしき	風呂敷	Tools			田村1996
icicikan ⇠	... hours	n	ja いちじかん(一時間)		Units			田村1996
iciŋaci ⇠		n	ja いちがつ	一月	Time			まくぽり2024
iciri ⇠	... ri (a unit of distance)	n	ja いちり(一里)		Units			田村1996	5
iciriyo ⇠	... ryo, ... yen (a sum of money)	n	ja いちりょう(一両)		Units			田村1996
ikari ⇠	anchor	n	ja いかり	錨	Tools			田村1996
inotu ⇠	soul		ja いのち	命	Abstract	Soul, spirit; an Ainu-internal analysis i-notu is registered as a separate entry, standing alongside as a homophonous form or rival account.		まくぽり2024	154
iri ⇠	collar	n	ja えり	襟	Clothing			まくぽり2024	60
iro ⇠	color	n	ja いろ	色	Abstract			まくぽり2024	4
isa ⇠	to ripen	n	ja いしゃ	医者	Rank and office			まくぽり2024
isatono ⇠		n	ja cf. tono		Rank and office			まくぽり2024
ita ⇠	board	n	ja いた	板	Tools			田村1996	626
iwaw ⇠	硫黄	n	ja いわう	硫黄	Minerals	Appears to have been borrowed before the monophthongization of diphthongs into long vowels, going back to before the Muromachi period (hypothesis).
iway ⇠	a celebratory gift	n	ja いわい(祝)		Abstract			田村1996	4
kakenca ⇠	clothes.hanger	n	ja かけざお(?)		Tools			田村1996	31
kama ⇠	iron kettle	n	ja かま	釜	Tools			田村1996	57
kamasu ⇠	straw bag	n	ja かます	叺	Tools			田村1996	5
kamera ⇠		n	ja カメラ			en. camera		まくぽり2024
kampi ⇄?	paper	n	ja かみ	紙		compared with Ryukyuan かび and Japanese かみ			225
kamtaci ⇠	kōji	n	かむたち／かむだち attested forms Japanese (930s) 加無太知 kōji, glossing 麴国立国語研究所二十巻本和名類聚抄古活字版:巻16 Japanese (Kamakura) カムタチ kōji, kana gloss on 麺 in the Myōichi-bon Lotus Sutra 小学館2006精選版日本国語大辞典かんだち	kōji	Food and drink	An early loan from Japanese. かむたち is the Heian-period word for kōji: the Wamyō ruijushō (930s) gives 加無太知 as the Japanese name of 麴 (和名類聚抄巻16). 精選版日本国語大辞典 enters the word as かんだち, spelled かむだち in older texts, reports the received derivation from かび発ち ‘mould rising’, and treats かむち and modern こうじ as its later shapes (精選版日本国語大辞典). The Ainu form answers to that older shape; the dictionaries cited here record no Ainu form answering to かむち or かうぢ. Kindaichi read 可んたち in 松前ノ言, a manuscript copied around the Kan'ei era (1624–1644), as a Japanese word borrowed early (Sato 1999:69); Kayano notes the match with old Japanese カムタチ and takes it as a trace of early trade (萱野1996); Nakagawa marks the Chitose word as Japanese (中川1995).		萱野1996 中川1995 佐藤1999 小学館2006 国立国語研究所二十巻本和名…	14
kamuy ⇄?	god	n	ja かみ	神					10447
kanankar ⇠	wood shavings	n	ja かんながら(?)		Materials			田村1996
kanantuci ⇠		n	ja かなづち	金槌				まくぽり2024
kane ⇠	metal, iron, gold.	n	ja かね	金	Materials			まくぽり2024
kánetuci ⇠	hammer	n	ja kane＋tuci
kankami ⇠	a mirror	n	ja かがみ	鏡	Tools			田村1996	2
kanpi ⇄?	paper	n	ja かみ	紙		compared with Ryukyuan かび and Japanese かみ		田村1996	51
kanuci ⇠	遊女，女郎	n	ja かのじ	雁の字		prostitute		まくぽり2024
kap ⇄?	skin	n	ja *kapa	皮	Body	A theory of an old borrowing relationship with Proto-Japonic *kapa.			43
karapto ⇠?	the island Sakhalin	propn	ja からと	樺太	Place names	From the old Japanese name カラト; the etymology kamuy kar put ya mosir is considered a folk etymology.
kasa ⇠	笠	n	ja かさ	傘	Tools
katanpira ⇠	a kind of garment, katabira (?) (worn or not worn at events such as the bear ceremony)	n	ja かたびら	帷子	Clothing			まくぽり2024
kattaro ⇠ hybrid	勝ち，勝つ		ja かつ＋た＋-ro	勝つ
kawarine ⇠	in place of (sb/sth)	padv	ja かわりに	代わりに					27
kay ⇄?	break, snap.	n	ja këpîtö	毛人		A theory of a borrowing relationship with Old Japanese këpîtö; original meaning 'man' (the latter part of okkay, the former part of kaynu).
kayko ⇠	porridge (firm porridge eaten with a spoon)	n	ja かいこ$${\textit{cf.}}$$ かいのこ	粥	Food and drink			田村1996
kaypeci ⇠	cabbage	n	ja カイベツ＜キャベツ		Plants	also カイベツ＜cabbagecf. カイベツの成り立ち		まくぽり2024	1
kaysotono ⇠	a type of official of the Matsumae era (chief overseer)	n	ja 会所殿(?)		Rank and office			田村1996
kenuma ⇠ hybrid	body hair (the hair on the human body)	n	ja け＋numa	毛					2
kettó ⇠	blanket	n	ja ケツト		Tools			田村1996
kí-tontaro ⇠ hybrid	to fly (emphatic form)	vi	ja とぶ＋た＋-ro	飛ぶ
kikanay ⇠	元気だ		ja きかない	聞かない	Qualities	Sakhalin Ainu 'hardy, vigorous'; Tōhoku dialect 'mischievous'
kími ⇠	corn, maize	n	ja (とう)きび		Plants			田村1996
kimo ⇠		n	ja きも(肝)		Abstract			田村1996	2
kimoya ⇠	ああ腹立たしい(くやしい、残念だ)	intj	ja きもや(肝や)(?)/きもやける(肝焼ける)(?)					田村1996	2
kisa ⇠	to drill by twirling	vt	ja きしゃ	汽車	Tools			田村1996	23
kiseri ⇠	pipe (tobacco pipe)	n	ja キセル	煙管	Tools			まくぽり2024	12
kito ⇠	ギョウジャニンニク：阿寒地方の呼び名	n	ja きとう	祈祷		'prayer garlic' (kitō-biru) → 'ascetic's garlic' (gyōja-ninniku)		まくぽり2024
Kiyo ⇠	Kyoto	n	ja きょう(京)					田村1996
ko ⇠	powder; grinds	n	ja こ	粉	Food and drink			まくぽり2024
komun ⇠ hybrid		n	ja ごみ～ごみ＋mun～	塵・芥
konkane ⇠	gold	n	ja こがね	黄金	Materials			田村1996	39
konpu ⇠	kelp (kombu)	n	ja こんぶ	昆布	Food and drink			まくぽり2024	12
konru ⇠	ice	n	ja こおり(?)					田村1996	85
konto ⇠	then	cconj	ja こんど	今度	Abstract			田村1996	791
kosonte ⇠	robe	n	ja こそで	小袖	Clothing			田村1996	224
kosoymi ⇠		n	ja ごしょいも	御所芋	Plants			まくぽり2024
kotco ⇠	a feast	n	ja ごちそう	御馳走	Abstract			田村1996	2
kótosi ⇠	a sieve for sifting flour	n	ja こおとし	粉落とし	Tools			田村1996
kuciwa ⇠	bit (of a bridle)	n	ja くつわ	轡	Tools			田村1996	1
kugaci ⇠	September	n	ja くがつ	九月	Time			まくぽり2024
kunci ⇠	労役	n	ja くじ	公事	Rank and office			まくぽり2024
kunki ⇠	nail	n	ja くぎ	釘	Tools			田村1996	2
kunku ⇠		n	ja くぐイヌクグ	クグ	Plants			まくぽり2024
kunnecis ⇠? calque	crying at night		ja よなき	夜泣き		kunne 'night, dark' + cis 'cry', stated on the kunnecis member of the cis family as answering Japanese 夜泣き.	cis	Tommy 1949	6
kunnesumi ⇠ hybrid	ink	n	ja kunne＋すみ	墨	Tools
kura ⇠	saddle	n	ja くら	鞍	Tools			まくぽり2024	5
kuruma ⇠	car, automobile	n	ja くるま	車	Tools			まくぽり2024	44
kurumakay ⇠	paddle-wheel oar	n	ja くるまがい	車櫂	Tools			まくぽり2024
kusu ⇠	because	parti	ja こそ				kus	まくぽり2024	15855
kusuperi ⇠	gooseberry	n	ja グスベリ < 英語 gooseberry		Plants			田村1996
kusuri ⇠		n	ja くすり	薬	Tools			田村1996	101
kuwas ⇠	sweets, confectionery	n	ja クワシ		Food and drink			田村1996	2
ma ⇠	to roast, bake, fry		ja まあ					まくぽり2024
macipo ⇠		n	ja まつも	松藻	Plants			まくぽり2024
maciya ⇠	town	n	ja まちや	町家	Places	town		田村1996	150
maketa ⇠	beat	vt	ja まける＋た	負ける		An Ainu-internal analysis mak-he-ta is registered separately, standing alongside as a homophone or competing hypothesis.		田村1996	49
maketaro ⇠ hybrid	負けた，敗れる		ja まける＋た＋-ro	負ける
makiri ⇠	knife/short.sword	n	ja まきり	間斬	Tools	small knife		まくぽり2024	111
makiri-saya ⇠	the sheath of a makiri (knife)	n	ja さや	鞘	Tools	The first element is the Ainu word makiri (itself a word that traveled back and forth with Japanese マキリ).
mamamici ⇠ hybrid		n	ja まま＋mici	継		stepfather
mame ⇠		n	ja まめ	豆	Food and drink			田村1996	106
mametosi ⇠	a sieve that lets small beans through and keeps the large ones	n	ja まめとおし	豆通し	Food and drink			まくぽり2024
manayta ⇠	cutting.board	n	ja まないた	俎板	Food and drink			田村1996	12
mantari ⇠	apron	n	ja まえだれ	前垂れ	Clothing			田村1996
maratto ⇠	NI.bear's.head	n	ja まらひと《客賓》		Rank and office			田村1996	54
marimo ⇠	marimo (a ball-shaped lake alga)	n	ja まりも	毬藻	Plants			まくぽり2024
masin ⇠		n	ja マシン			en. machine		まくぽり2024
matnepo ⇠? calque	daughter	n	ja めのこ	女の子	Rank and office	mat-ne-po 'woman-COP-child' matches the structure of め-の-こ 'woman-GEN-child'; the word itself is analysable inside Ainu and the claim concerns the coinage pattern. The model word also entered Ainu as the loan menoko.	-po		567
mawari ⇠	going around (sth), around the perimeter of (sth)	padv	ja まわり					まくぽり2024	4
meekot ⇠	to freeze to death	n	ja めこ	猫	Animals	From the Tōhoku dialect form メコ; the final -t is considered a folk-etymological addition.			6
mehun ⇠	the brown fat inside the bones that branch left and right beneath a fish's spine (S) (mefun, the dorsal viscera)	n	ja めふん		Food and drink			田村1996	1
meko ⇠		n	ja ねこ	猫	Animals			まくぽり2024
mempiru ⇠		n	ja めんびる	？蒜		wild garlic (nobiru)		まくぽり2024
menkane ⇠	eyeglasses	n	ja めがね	眼鏡	Tools			田村1996	2
menoko ⇠	woman	n	ja めのこ	女の子	Rank and office		menoko	田村1996	2883
menyo ⇠	綿羊	n	ja めんよう	緬羊	Animals			まくぽり2024
mesi ⇠	cooked grain	n	ja めし	飯	Food and drink			田村1996	19
micipa ⇠		n	ja みつば	三つ葉	Plants			まくぽり2024
mintuci ⇠	Mintuci	n	ja みづち	蛟	Animals			田村1996	20
mise ⇠	a shop	n	ja みせ	店	Places			田村1996	25
miyanke ⇠		n	ja みやげ	土産	Goods			まくぽり2024
mokko ⇠	a carrying net	n	ja もっこ	畚	Tools			田村1996
Mokoto ⇠	the Mokoto River	n	ja もこと	藻琴		Mokoto River		まくぽり2024
Mokotoyama ⇠	Mt. Mokoto	n	ja もことやま	藻琴山				まくぽり2024
mon ⇠	hand	n	ja もん	門	Places			田村1996	15
moro ⇠	室	n	ja むろ	室	Places			まくぽり2024
mose ⇠?	cut		ja むしcf. ko. 모시	苧	Plants	Also compared to Korean 모시 'ramie'.		まくぽり2024	26
mosiro ⇠	a straw mat	n	ja むしろ	筵	Tools			田村1996
moto ⇠	the.source	n	ja もと	元	Abstract			まくぽり2024	44
motontori ⇠	（鶏やキジの）とさか	n	ja もとどり	髻	Culture			まくぽり2024
munki ⇠		n	ja むぎ	麦	Plants			田村1996	5
mursaki ⇠		n	ja むらさき	紫	Plants			まくぽり2024
mutci ⇠	whip	n	ja むち	鞭	Tools			田村1996
muy ⇠	cover	n	ja むい	箕				田村1996	22
na ⇠	SGST	intj	ja な					まくぽり2024	11076
Nabesawa ⇠	Nabesawa (a common surname in Shiunkotsu, lower Saru River)	n	ja なべさわ	鍋沢		Shiunkotsu		まくぽり2024	1
nakairi ⇠	a ragged padded garment	n	ja なかいり(中入り)		Clothing			田村1996
nanoká ⇠	seven days	n	ja なのか	七日	Units			田村1996
nariwa ⇠	a jingle ring (perhaps a horse bell)	n	ja なりわ	鳴り輪	Tools	horse bell		田村1996
níci-han ⇠	half past two (o'clock)	n	ja にじはん	二時半	Time			まくぽり2024
ninkari ⇠	earring (a metal ring earring about 7-8 cm in diameter)	n	ja みみかね	耳鐘	Clothing			まくぽり2024	39
niwa ⇠	内庭	n	ja にわ	庭	Places
niwatori ⇠	chicken	n	ja にわとり	鶏	Animals			まくぽり2024	14
niyoki ⇠ hybrid	wooden bucket; handheld pail	n	ja ni＋おけ	桶	Tools
nokikonru ⇠ hybrid	an icicle on the eaves	n	ja のき＋konru	軒	Nature	icicle at the eaves		まくぽり2024	1
nokipe ⇠ hybrid	raindrops dripping from the eaves	n	ja のき＋pe	軒	Nature	water dripping from the eaves		まくぽり2024	1
noko ⇠	saw	n	ja のこ	鋸	Tools			田村1996	17
nonki ⇠	awn (of grain)	n	ja のぎ	乃木	Plants			田村1996
norinkura ⇠	saddle (a piece of horse tack)	n	ja (乗り鞍)		Tools			田村1996
nota ⇠	the name of a shark dish	n	ja ぬた	饅（酢味噌和え）	Food and drink	The culinary term, recorded by 田村1996 as カスベやサメのぬた(酢味噌); a homograph of the native nota 'cheek'.		田村1996
nu ⇄? semantic	hear	vt	ja きく	聞く・効く		nu colexifies HEAR / FEEL / BE EFFECTIVE (kusuri nu 'the medicine works'), as Japanese きく does across 聞く and 効く and Korean 듣다 does; raised as a possibly areal parallel rather than a borrowing of the word.	nu	AinuDiscord2024	2610
nusa ⇠	alter	n	ja ぬさ	幣	Tools			まくぽり2024	193
nuyto ⇠	sewing thread	n	ja ぬいいと	縫い糸	Tools			田村1996	21
okina ⇠	海に住む巨大な怪魚	n	ja おきな	翁	Whale monster			まくぽり2024
okkanay ⇠	scary!; awful! (frightening, terrific)	intj	ja おっかない					まくぽり2024
okkasan ⇠	mother	n	ja おっかさん	お母さん	Rank and office			まくぽり2024
okori ⇠		n	ja おこり	瘧	Illness	malaria		まくぽり2024
onanci ⇠		n	ja うなじ	項	Body	skin from the back of an animal's head		まくぽり2024
óni ⇠	a devil; an ogre	n	ja おに	鬼	Animals			田村1996
onkami ⇠	worship	vi	ja おがみ	拝み				田村1996	599
ontaro ⇠	tub	n	ja おおだる(大樽)		Tools			田村1996	93
ontori ⇠	踊る	n	ja おどり	踊り	芸能	From Japanese おどり（踊り）. Hattori (1964) records óntori under 踊り “dance” in Yakumo, qualified as Japanese-style, and under 踊る “to dance” in Horobetsu alongside rimse. Moshiogusa, 踊る records ヲントリ alongside タプカル.
otcike ⇠	tray	n	ja おしき(折敷)		Food and drink			田村1996	126
ottena ⇠	an.Ainu.man	n	ja おとな(乙名)		Rank and office			田村1996	60
otu santuka ⇠	many swords	n	ja つか	柄	Tools
oya ⇠	different	intj	ja おや					田村1996	319
oyakata ⇠	master	n	ja 親方		Rank and office			田村1996	5
pakakara ⇠ hybrid			ja ばか＋kara	馬鹿		to go mad
pakakusay ⇠	to be absurd	vi	ja ばかくさい	馬鹿臭い		ridiculous
pakane ⇠ hybrid	to be foolish	vi	ja ばか＋ne	馬鹿					4
pakutciki ⇠ hybrid	to gamble	vi	ja ばくち＋ki	博打			ki
pakutcitama ⇠	dice	n	ja ばくちだま	博打玉				まくぽり2024
pan ⇠		n	ja パン		Food and drink	goes back to Portuguese pão (via Japanese パン)		まくぽり2024
panco ⇠	carpenter	n	ja ばんちょう	大工	Rank and office	橘正一（1934）			10
pas ⇠? calque	run (sg.)	vi	ja はしる	走る		白鳥2026 reconstructs pi-as 'sharp-stand; (a crack) runs' behind pas ~ cas and reads the sense as a possible calque of Middle Japanese 「（稲妻・亀裂が）走る」 (slide 33).	pas	白鳥2026	70
pasuy ⇄?	chopsticks	n	ja はし	箸					40
patci ⇠	bowl	n	ja はち	鉢	Tools	The claim is stated on kisaruspatci 'bowl with handles' in the kisar family.			63
pattakikir ⇠ hybrid	grasshopper	n	ja バッタ＋kikir
peko ⇠	cow, cattle (bull or cow)	n	ja べこ	牛	Animals			田村1996	29
pekocikap ⇠ hybrid		n	ja ＋cikap			grebe
pencay ⇠	a trading cargo ship (a 'regular liner')	n	ja べんざいせん(弁財船)		Tools			田村1996	32
pera ⇠	a general term for ladle, spoon, and spatula	n	ja へら	箆	Tools			田村1996	14
perankay ⇠	paddle, oar	n	ja へらがい	箆櫂	Tools			田村1996
pikata ⇠	a storm wind coming from directly offshore (from the southwest)	n	ja ひかた	南西風	Nature	中田薫（1907）			8
pikki ⇠	エゾアカガエル	n	ja ぴっき			frog		まくぽり2024
pintoro ⇠	glass	n	ja ビードロ		Materials			田村1996	3
piraka ⇠	place name	n	ja ひらか	下駄	Clothing	From the Eastern Japanese dialect form ヒラカ（タ）(金田一1928).		まくぽり2024
pirakka ⇠	wooden.clogs	n	ja ひらっか	平	Clothing	geta (wooden clogs)		まくぽり2024	17
pisakku ⇠	dipper	n	ja ひしゃく	柄杓	Tools			田村1996	36
pito ⇠	god	n	ja ひと	人		soul, spirit		まくぽり2024	218
piwci ⇠	flint	n	ja ひうち	火打ち	Tools			田村1996
pokuso ⇠	clover (forage grass)	n	ja ぼくそう	牧草		clover		まくぽり2024
pone ⇠	bone	n	ja ほね	骨	Body			まくぽり2024	148
pukuru ⇠	a bag	n	ja ふくろ	袋	Tools			田村1996	64
punki ⇠	NI.guard	n	ja 奉行		Rank and office			田村1996	15
puntari ⇠		n	ja ほだり	秀罇	Tools			まくぽり2024
puri ⇠	behavior	n	ja ふり	振り	Culture	custom		まくぽり2024	460
pusa ⇠	a tassel ornament (on a sword scabbard)	n	ja ふさ	房	Tools	tassel		まくぽり2024	1
puta ⇠	lid	n	ja ぶた	豚	Tools			田村1996	55
rappa ⇠	to lower; go down from high to low	n	ja ラッパ	喇叭	Tools			まくぽり2024
ro ⇠	prison	n	ja ろう	牢	Places			まくぽり2024	459
rokugaci ⇠	June	n	ja ろくがつ	六月	Time			まくぽり2024
rokuntew ⇠	passenger ship	n	ja ろくでう(六条)(?)		Tools			田村1996	27
sake ⇠	sake	n	ja さけ	酒	Dishes			田村1996	589
sama ⇠	honorific suffix (Mr./Mrs.)	sfx	ja さま			An Ainu-internal analysis sam + -a (homophonous with the positional noun meaning 'beside ~') is registered separately, standing alongside as a homophone or competing hypothesis.		まくぽり2024	204
same ⇠	shark	n	ja さめ	鮫	Animals			まくぽり2024	1
sampa ⇠		n	ja さば	鯖	Animals			まくぽり2024
santoku ⇠	a trifold wallet (billfold)	n	ja 三徳		Tools			田村1996
saramanto ⇠?	ceiling.flue	n	ja まど	窓		Posited as the second element; 田村1996 does not give the source form of the loan.			7
saranpa ⇠	goodbye	intj	ja さらば					田村1996	2
saro ⇠	monkey	n	ja さる	猿	Animals			田村1996
saru ⇠	monkey	n	ja さる	猿	Animals			田村1996	23
sato ⇠	sugar	n	ja さとう	砂糖	Food and drink			田村1996	9
saya ⇠	sheath	n	ja さや	鞘	Tools			まくぽり2024	4
saymon ⇠?	trial by ordeal	n	祭文 saimon attested forms Japanese 祭文 text recited at a rite to the gods 精選版日本国語大辞典祭文 (続日本紀 787) Japanese さいもん the same, read aloud by a reciter 精選版日本国語大辞典祭文 (枕草子 258, late 10th c.) Japanese 祭文起請 oath by 祭文, named in a litigation context 世界大百科事典証状 (玉葉 1187)	address recited to the gods; sworn declaration entrusting a claim to divine judgement	裁判	Uoi (1995) derives Asahikawa saimonki from saimon 邦語『祭文』, with a question mark; Segawa (2015:244–247), as summarised in the Japanese Wikipedia article 盟神探湯, gives the fuller account: サイモン is the 祭文 recited by the 陰陽師 and 修験者 who conducted the medieval 湯起請. On the Japanese side, 祭文 saimon is a text addressed to the gods (続日本紀 787; さいもん in 枕草子; 日国), and the 天判祭文, which entrusts the judgement of a petition to a god, is one source of the 起請文 (千々和到); マイペディア lists 祭文 as another name of the 起請文, and 玉葉 (1187) has 祭文起請 in a dispute setting (保立道久, s.v. 証状). In a 湯起請 both parties first wrote a 起請文 and then took a stone out of boiling water (千々和到; 湯起請), which matches the procedure Batchelor, Kayano and 蝦夷島奇観 describe for saymon. The name of the sworn declaration became the name of the ordeal it opened; the reciprocal u-saymonkire reflects the same two-sided rite.		魚井1995 瀬川2015 WikipediaJA盟神… 精選版日本国語大辞典祭文日本大百科全書祭文マイペディア起請文世界大百科事典起請文世界大百科事典証状 WikipediaJA湯起請平山2013 Цинциус1977 Оненко1980
saymonkire ⇠? hybrid	trial by boiling water (ordeal)		ja さいもん＋ki＋-re	祭文	裁判	saymon 'ordeal' + ki 'do' + -re causative: to make someone undergo the ordeal, hence to try, to interrogate (萱野1996 盟神探湯; Batchelor 1938 Saimon-kire 探湯ヲ以テ裁ク). The uncausativised saymon ki 'undergo the ordeal' is in Batchelor (Saimon-ki) and Uoi (1995).		Batchelor1938 萱野1996 魚井1995
sayso ⇠		n	ja さんしょう	山椒	Plants			まくぽり2024
senkaki ⇠?		n	ja		Clothing	Stated on kunnesenkaki 'black cloth' in the kur family; the donor form is not given there.			58
seppa ⇠	the guard of a sword (tsuba)	n	ja せっぱ		Tools	sword guard (tsuba)		田村1996	55
seysey ⇠		n	ja せんせい	先生	Rank and office			まくぽり2024
si ⇄?	excrement; faeces		ja			A theory seeing a borrowing relationship between si as a plural affix and its counterpart forms in the Japonic languages.
sicigaci ⇠	July	n	ja しちがつ	七月	Time			田村1996	1
sigaci ⇠	April	n	ja しがつ	四月	Time			田村1996
sikoki ⇠		n	ja ひこうき	飛行機	Tools			まくぽり2024
sima ⇠	stripe pattern	n	ja しま	縞	Culture			まくぽり2024	1
simis ⇠		n	ja しめし	湿し		diaper		まくぽり2024
simotori ⇠	to wrestle	vi	ja すもうとり		Culture			田村1996
sinciri ⇠	inkstone	n	ja すずり	硯	Tools			田村1996
sippo ⇠		n	ja しほ	塩	Food and drink			まくぽり2024	82
sirinkay ⇠	crupper (a kind of boat oar)	n	ja しりがい	尻櫂	Tools		sir	田村1996
sirokane ⇠	silver	n	ja しろかね白金(＝銀)		Materials		sir	田村1996	45
sitoki ⇠	necklace	n	ja しとぎ(?)		Clothing			田村1996	11
siwto ⇠	one's.in-laws.POSS	n	ja しゅうと	姑・舅	Rank and office			まくぽり2024	95
sokan ⇠		n	ja しょうかん	傷寒	Illness	typhoid fever		まくぽり2024
sonkaci ⇠	New Year	n	ja しょうがつ	正月	Time			田村1996	1
sonpa ⇠	buckwheat (grain)	n	ja そば	蕎麦	Plants	buckwheat grain		田村1996	1
sorekusu ⇠	exactly	adv	ja それこそ					まくぽり2024	574
sori ⇠	sled	n	ja そり	橇	Tools			まくぽり2024	6
sumi ⇠	charcoal	n	ja スミ		Tools			田村1996	3
sumiyaki ⇠	charcoal-making	n	ja すみやき	墨焼き	Rank and office			まくぽり2024
sumiyakine ⇠ hybrid	to work as a charcoal-maker	vi	ja ＋ne
sunke ⇠	to lie; tell lies	n	ja すげ	菅	Plants			まくぽり2024
taka ⇠			ja だか
takaysara ⇠	a cup, glass stand	n	ja 高い皿(?)		Tools			田村1996	1
takusa ⇠	ritual whisk of grass/leaves (takusa)	n	ja たくさ	手草	Tools			田村1996	41
tama ⇠	bullet	n	ja たま	玉・弾	Tools			田村1996	20
tamanko ⇠	egg	n	ja たまご	卵	Food and drink			田村1996	16
tampaku ⇠	tobacco	n	ja たばこ	煙草	Tools			まくぽり2024	46
tane ⇠	a seed	n	ja たね	種	Plants
tanpaku ⇠	tobacco	n	ja たばこ	煙草	Tools			田村1996	79
tantani ⇠	gradually	adv	ja 段々と					田村1996	16
tape ⇠	…(hi) tape na ]…んでしょうねえ		ja だべ					まくぽり2024
tara ⇠	straw bag (of rice)	n	ja たわら	俵	Tools			田村1996	87
taray ⇠		n	ja たらい	盥	Tools
tayko ⇠	radish (daikon)	n	ja ダイコ		Tools			田村1996	4
taypey sama ⇠	ウポポの一節に出てくる言葉	n	ja だいべんさま (大弁様)(?)					田村1996
te ⇠	from here		ja て			also で		まくぽり2024
tek ⇄?	hand	n	ja 手				tek		687
tekko ⇠	bamboo basket	n	ja てっこ(手籠)		Tools			田村1996	1
tenonkoy ⇠	hand towel	n	ja てぬぐい	手拭い	Tools			田村1996	1
teppó ⇠	gun	n	ja てっぽう	鉄砲	Tools			田村1996
tépu ⇠	tape	n	ja テープ		Tools			田村1996
tesapa ⇠	railway station	n	ja てーしゃば(停車場)		Places			田村1996	1
tewna ⇠	ちょうな	n	ja てうな	手斧	Tools			まくぽり2024
to ⇠	day	n	ja とを	十	Numbers			田村1996	1239
tóhumame ⇠	soybean	n	ja とうふまめ	豆腐豆	Food and drink			まくぽり2024
Tokiyo ⇠	Tokyo	n	ja とうきょう	東京				まくぽり2024	6
tokkuri ⇠	bottle	n	ja とっくり	徳利	Tools			田村1996	10
tokusa ⇠		n	ja とくさ	砥草	Plants			まくぽり2024
tokuy ⇠	close friend	n	ja とくい	得意	Rank and office			まくぽり2024	12
toma ⇠	straw.matting	n	ja とま(苫)		Tools			田村1996	42
tomari ⇠	port	n	ja とまり(泊)		Places			田村1996	83
tomi ⇠	sheath	n	ja とみ	富	Abstract			田村1996	6
tomika ⇠ hybrid	sheath	n	ja ＋ka						6
tomipe ⇠ hybrid	rain of wealth (a rain of money)	n	ja +pe
tomonkay ⇠	a kind of paddle (tomogai)	n	ja ともがい	艫櫂	Tools			田村1996
tonka ⇠	a thick-bladed hoe for digging and tilling soil (mattock)	n	ja とが	唐鍬	Tools	also とんが・とうが＜とうぐわ; hoe		田村1996	16
tono ⇠	lord/master/warrior	n	ja との(殿)		Rank and office			田村1996	724
topumma ⇠		n	ja ぶんまい	分米	Culture	daily wage
tori ⇠	one.night	n	ja とり	鳥	Animals			田村1996	53
tosanko ⇠	Hokkaido-bred horse (dosanko)	n	ja どさんこ	道産子	Animals			田村1996
tósi ⇠	a sieve	n	ja とおし	通し	Tools	sieve		田村1996
túci ⇠	a hammer; a mallet	n	ja つち	槌	Tools			田村1996
tuhotnin ⇠ hybrid	forty people	n	ja tu＋hot＋にん	人		forty people
tuki ⇠	cup	n	ja つき	坏・杯	Tools			まくぽり2024	186
túki ⇠	sake cup	n	ja つき	酒杯	Tools			田村1996
tunci ⇠	translator		ja つうじ	通詞・通事	Rank and office	interpreter		まくぽり2024	14
tupare ⇠		n	ja つわり	悪阻	Illness			まくぽり2024
tura ⇠?	go.together.with	adv	ja *tura(C)i	連れ		A theory of borrowing from a pre-Old Japanese form like tura(C)i, the stem tura- with the -Ci that yields the noun 連れ ture 'companion' (tura-Ci) and the verb 連れる tureru 'bring along' (tura-Ci-). Old Japanese tura 'row' (列) and the verbs 連なる turanaru 'stand in a row', 連ねる turaneru 'put in a row' (modern citation forms) share the stem; Martin (1987: 65, 556, 775) derives ture < tura-Ci, tureru < tura-Ci-, turaneru < tura-na-Ci- and turanaru < *tura-na-ra-. Ainu tura shows no trace of the final -Ci. The borrowing itself is an internal hypothesis (2024-12-20, discord).		Martin1987	3550
tutukko ⇠	包み	n	ja つとこ	土産	Trade	中田薫（1907）
umanki ⇠?	a beam laid across the ceiling lengthwise and crosswise	n	ja うなぎ	梁（うなぎを取る仕掛け）	Tools	中田薫（1907）			9
umay ⇠	sweets	n	ja (?)		Food and drink			田村1996
umma ⇠	horse	n	ja うま	馬	Animals			まくぽり2024	134
unma ⇠	toward	postp	ja うま(んま)					田村1996	9
upakanere ⇠ hybrid	to all go senile	vi	ja u-＋pakane＋-re
usaymonkire ⇠? hybrid	torture		ja u-＋さいもん＋ki＋-re	祭文	裁判	Reciprocal u- on saymonkire: the ordeal taken by both parties to a dispute, as in the 湯起請 (湯起請); recorded as 拷問 'torture' by 萱野1996 and 千葉2002, as 試ミル 'to test' by Batchelor 1938 (Usai-mongire).		萱野1996 千葉2002 Batchelor1938	1
usupa ⇠	vegetable-cutting knife	n	ja うすば	薄刃	Tools			田村1996
usupere ⇠	a woven straw mat	n	ja うすべり		Plants			田村1996
uymam ⇠	trade	v	ja ういまみえ	初目見	Trade	Kindaichi Kyōsuke's observation (1928); refers to trade with the Matsumae domain.	uy	まくぽり2024	255
wakay ⇠	young	vi	ja 若い						27
wakkao-kame ⇠ hybrid	water jar	n	ja wakka＋o＋かめ	甁		water jar	wakka
wappa ⇠		n	ja わっぱ	曲物	Tools	中田薫（1907）
war ⇠		n	ja わら	藁	Plants			まくぽり2024
warancikikir ⇠		n	ja わらじむし	草鞋虫	Animals
warumpe ⇠		n	ja わらび	蕨	Plants			まくぽり2024
yaku ⇠	to crush (sth) with a squelch (e.g. a raw egg, a box)	vt	ja やく	役	Rank and office			まくぽり2024	68
yantone ⇠ hybrid	stay	vi	ja やど＋ne	宿					14
yartanpi ⇠ hybrid		n	ja yar＋たび	足袋	Clothing
yey ⇠	good	adn	ja えい(＝よい)					田村1996
yu ⇠	hot spring	n	ja ユ(湯)		Tools			田村1996	11

Tungusic 5

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Attested in	Corpus
amuspe ⇄?	young bearded seal	n	Uilta amuspi attested forms Uilta amuspi bearded seal pup in its first year 池上2002増訂ウイルタ口頭文芸原文集:28; 丹菊2018LanguageContact:13 Nivkh amsp bearded seal pup in its first year 丹菊2018LanguageContact:13	bearded seal pup in its first year	Animals	Tangiku (2018), slide 13 compares Sakhalin Ainu amuspe, Nivkh amsp, and Uilta amuspi. Ikegami (2002:28), text 8 attests Uilta amuspi in a seal-hunting narrative. Chiri, Animal dictionary §278(12) reports Uilta amuspe and tentatively analyzes Ainu am-us-pe ‘claw–attached–thing’. That analysis makes an Ainu source plausible, but the borrowing direction remains unresolved. Yamada (2013:31–32) reports Austerlitz’s tentative preference for Uilta as the source of many seal names and his call for comparison with other Tungusic languages. That proposal concerns the vocabulary set and does not settle the origin of amuspe.	知里1987 丹菊2018 池上2002
inaw ⇄?	ritual wooden offering with shavings	n	Oroch or a closely related Tungusic language ilau attested forms Oroch илау ritual shavings (religious, obsolete) Цинциус1975 I:306 Orok (Uilta) илаў ritual shavings (religious, obsolete) Цинциус1975 I:306 Uilta illau / illau(n-) ritual wooden offering with shavings 池上二良1980:394 Nivkh inau / nau ritual wooden offering with shavings 池上二良1980:394	ritual shavings	宗教	Ikegami (1980:397–400) proposes that Ainu inaw came from Oroch ilau or a closely related Tungusic language, with Tungusic l represented by Ainu n. The route into Ainu remains unknown; he considers direct borrowing, transmission through Nivkh, and an extinct intermediary language in Sakhalin. His concluding discussion also leaves open borrowing from Ainu or Nivkh into Tungusic.	池上二良1980 Цинциус1975	480
itanki ⇄?	bowl	n	Tungusic reconstruction *itaŋgi attested forms Oroch итаңгӕ̄ saucer Цинциус1975 I:333 Udege jataŋge shot glass for khanshin Цинциус1975 I:333 Ulch itāŋgi memorial cup of the deceased Цинциус1975 I:333 Orok (Uilta) итто dish, bowl, or small trough used at the bear festival; gift Цинциус1975 I:333 Nanai итанги [itaŋgi] small wooden bowl on which kochi are placed Оненко 1980:200	bowl, cup	Tools	Ikegami (2005:125–128) compares Ainu itanki with reconstructed Tungusic *itaŋgi. TMS I:333 groups the Oroch, Udege, Ulch, and Orok forms under the unstarred heading ИТАҢГӔ̄ 'saucer'. Onenko (1980:200) separately records Nanai итанги [itaŋgi]. Ikegami allows the possibility of borrowing from Ainu, so the direction remains unresolved. Tangiku (2010) reports no corresponding Nivkh form.	池上二良2005 池上二良2004 佐藤2012 丹菊2010 Цинциус1975 Оненко1980 TMS Online (2024) TMS electronic entry (2024) @cicada3301_kig (2026-08-17) @xhioe (2016-06-08)	322
nuca ⇠?	Russian person	n	Tungusic comparative-dictionary heading ЛУЧА attested forms Ewenki лӯча Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Solon лӯта Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Even н’ӯчи Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Negidal лōча Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Oroch луча Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Udege луса Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Ulch лӯча ~ нӯча Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Orok (Uilta) лӯт’а ~ луча Russian person Цинциус1975 I:513 Nanai лоча Russian person; Russians Цинциус1975 I:513 Manchu лоча Russian person; Russians Цинциус1975 I:513	Russian; Russian person	民族	Chiri (1942 §17(2), reprinted 1974:475) proposes Orok luča as the source of nuča. Piłsudski (1912:65) proposes Ghilyak loca. Tsumagari (2009:4) and Janhunen (1997:160–161) derive Sakhalin Ainu nuca from Tungusic without identifying its immediate donor language. Tsumagari also treats Nivkh loč’a as a separate recipient of the Tungusic form.	知里1942 Piłsudski1912 津曲2009 Janhunen1997 Цинциус1975 Khabtagaeva2022	29
san ⇄?	shelf	n	Uilta saan attested forms Nivkh č’aŋ fish-drying shelf Tsumagari2010:51	shelf for drying fish	Tools	Tsumagari (2010:51) compares Ainu san 'shelf' with Uilta saan 'shelf for drying fish' and reports corresponding words in Ulch, Nanai, and Negidal without printing their forms. He derives Nivkh č’aŋ from an s-initial Ainu or Tungusic source. The Ainu–Uilta direction remains unresolved. Tangiku (2018) marks the Ainu comparison uncertain.	池上二良2004 佐藤2012 津曲2009 Tsumagari2010 丹菊2018 丹菊2010

Russian 5

Ainu	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes
kermen ⇠	n	ru кремень	火打石	Tools	Sakhalin Ainu
moxne ⇠		ru мохнатый	毛深い		Sakhalin Ainu
ros'ot ⇠	n	ru лошадь	馬	Animals	Sakhalin Ainu; l → r
sipenet ⇠	n	ru свинец	鉛	Minerals	Sakhalin Ainu; v → p
sukodena ⇠	n	ru скотина	家畜	Animals	Sakhalin Ainu

Koreanic 4

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
casi ⇠?	stockade	n	ko 잣	城		知里真志保 derives it from Old Korean チャシ／サシ; 金田一京助 proposes an internal formation, ci=asi 'we built'; also compared with Mongolian цайз.			342
nay ⇠?	stream	n	ko 내	川	Nature	A theory of Korean origin (listed alongside notak, mose, casi, toy).	nay		514
notak ⇠	blade	n	*nʌt(ʌ)k	blade		⇐ Koreanic *nʌt(ʌ)k (Middle Korean nolh 날 '刃'); no Ainu-internal analysis.	notak	X @cppig1995 朝克2001	3
toy ⇠?	soil	n	ko		Nature	A theory of Korean origin (same group as above).	toy		379

Mongolian 4

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Attested in	Corpus
hayokpe ⇠?	armour	n	mn		Military	Apparently a Mongolian loan, but no corresponding form exists in Manchu; the Mongolian form should have had an initial stop consonant at the time of borrowing, which does not match the Ainu form — possibly a somewhat later borrowing.		130
hot ⇠?	twenty	num	mn		Numbers	One of a group of words seen as loans from the trade period following the 13th–14th century Ainu–Mongol wars.		48
kotan ⇄?	village	n	Old Mongolian χotan attested forms Uilta xotto(n-) city, town 池上二良1980:398 Nanai xotō city 池上二良1980:398 Ulch xoto(n-) city 池上二良1980:398 Manchu hoton walled settlement, city 池上二良1980:398 Written Mongolian χota, χotan fortress, city 池上二良1980:398–399 Nivkh xota / xotan city 池上二良1980:399	fortress, city	集落	Ochiai (2025:27–28), following Nakamura (1999:29), treats Ainu kotan as a borrowing from Old Mongolian χotan ‘fortress, city’ and dates its entry to 1271–1296. Nakamura (1999:26, 29–30) presents Mongolian contact in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as a possibility and leaves an Ainu origin open. Ikegami (1980:398–400) places kotan within a Mongolian–Manchu–Tungusic–Nivkh diffusion complex. He finds direct borrowing from Uilta or Nivkh difficult because their meanings and uses differ, and leaves the route into Ainu unresolved.	知里1956 中村1999 池上二良1980 落合2025	4013
oho ⇠?	チェーンステッチする	n	mn		Clothing	One of a group of words seen as Mongolian loans from the trade period.

Nivkh 3

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Attested in	Corpus
cikuni ⇠?	tree	n	niv *cïkuta	木	Plants	A theory of the initial element ciku- as a loan from the Nivkh language family (proto-form cïkuta ~ cïkatu); -ni is 'tree'.		481
riyanka ⇄?	young bearded seal	n	teaŋa attested forms Nivkh teaŋa young bearded seal (second year) 丹菊2018LanguageContact:13 Uilta ceeŋa young bearded seal (second year) 丹菊2018LanguageContact:13	young bearded seal (second year)	Animals	Chiri proposes riya ‘having wintered’ + -nka, from Nivkh ŋa ‘animal’, and reports that Nivkh and Uilta use the same name (§278(15)). Tangiku (2018), slide 13 compares Ainu riyanka / ciyanka with Nivkh teaŋa and Uilta ceeŋa. The latter are the forms actually printed in Tangiku’s table. This record marks a proposed contact relationship; the direction of borrowing and Chiri’s internal analysis remain uncertain. Yamada (2013:31–32) reproduces Austerlitz’s (1968:135) comparison of Uilta ceeŋa, Nivkh the-ŋa, and Ainu ciyanka. She reports his tentative view that Uilta supplied many seal terms, subject to comparison with other Tungusic languages. This is a general proposal about the vocabulary set; it does not establish the direction for riyanka.	知里1987 丹菊2018
tunakay ⇠?	鹿の如き異獣	n	niv tlangi	トナカイ	Animals	Japanese トナカイ continues the Ainu form; Austerlitz takes the Ainu-origin theory.

Itelmen 1

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
kunkutu ⇠?		n	itl		Numbers	Sakhalin Ainu; a theory deriving it as a loan from Itelmen.

Malay 1

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
serempo ⇠?	きせる	n	ms serombong	漏斗・煙道	Tools	also srumbung・semprong; A comparison only: Malay serombong 'funnel; smoke flue' and Javanese srumbung 'hollow pipe for smoke' match serempo ~ serumpo apart from the final nasal, but neither is glossed 'tobacco pipe', no attestation before 1734 is known, and no route to Hokkaido has been shown. Siebold's record of serempo as the women's pipe beside Santan tayay is reported on X (@okokkoituren, 2024-11-24).		DewanBahasa2005 KBJI2026 ChatGPT2026 okokkoituren2024 okokkoituren2024

Sinitic 1

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
takapay ⇠?		n	zh 蟹		Animals	A theory of borrowing from the Indochina region, cognate with Chinese 「蟹」 (tkam + -Caj).

Language unrecorded 1

Ainu	Meaning	POS	Other form	Other meaning	Domain	Notes	Family	Attested in	Corpus
hok ⇠?	to buy	vt				The phonological shape, atypical for a native word, has been pointed out as suggesting a possible loanword.	hok		333