Chiri (1942 §17(2), reprinted 1974:475) proposes Orok luča as the source of nuča. Piłsudski (1912:65) proposes Ghilyak loca. Tsumagari (2009:4) and Janhunen (1997:160–161) derive Sakhalin Ainu nuca from Tungusic without identifying its immediate donor language. Tsumagari also treats Nivkh loč’a as a separate recipient of the Tungusic form.